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Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev used a keynote speech at the COP29 climate summit to lash out at Western critics of his country’s oil and gas industry, saying it had been the victim of a ‘well-orchestrated campaign of slander and blackmail’.

The comments came on the second day of a summit at which nearly 200 nations are meeting to discuss how they can cut fossil fuel emissions, and moments before United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said doubling down on fossil fuels was an absurd strategy.

The airing of these opposing views on the main stage underscores the challenge at the heart of the climate negotiations: many Western states remain dependent on fossil fuels while at the same time seeking to pressure others who produce them into shifting to greener energy sources.

At the same time, a Dutch appeal court issued a landmark climate ruling in favour of oil and gas company Shell dismissing an order for it to sharply reduce emissions.

Azerbaijan’s oil and gas revenues accounted for 35% of its economy in 2023, down from 50% two years earlier. The government says these revenues will decline to 22% by 2028.

“As a president of COP29 of course, we will be a strong advocate for green transition, and we are doing it. But at the same time, we must be realistic,” said Aliyev, who has labelled his country’s oil and gas resources a ‘gift from god’.

The United States is the world’s largest oil and gas producer. European countries, meanwhile, have some of the world’s strictest targets to cut emissions by 2030 – but, at the same time have raced to secure new gas supplies following Russia’s 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine.

U.S. national climate advisor Ali Zaidi brushed off President Aliyev’s remarks, saying if every country decarbonized at the pace of the United States, the world would meet its climate targets. The EU declined to comment.

Pay up

Speaking next, Guterres said time was running out to limit a destructive rise in global temperatures and called on world leaders to provide more cash to help prevent climate-led humanitarian disasters

“On climate finance, the world must pay up, or humanity will pay the price,” Guterres said. “The sound you hear is the ticking clock. We are in the final countdown to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius and time is not on our side.”

This year’s summit is supposed to be focused on raising hundreds of billions of dollars to fund a global transition to cleaner energy sources and limit the climate damage caused by carbon emissions.

But on the day of the event designed to bring together world leaders and generate political momentum for the marathon negotiations, many of the leading players were not present to hear Guterres’ message.

After victory for Donald Trump, who has said he will again pull the United States out of the Paris climate accords, in the U.S. presidential election, President Joe Biden will not attend. Chinese President Xi Jinping has sent a deputy and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen is not attending.

This year is set to be the hottest on record.

Scientists say evidence shows global warming and its impacts are unfolding faster than expected and the world may already have hit 1.5 degree Celsius (2.7 F) of warming above the average pre-industrial temperature – a critical threshold beyond which it is at risk of irreversible and extreme climate change.

As COP29 began, unusual east coast U.S. wildfires that triggered air quality warnings for New York continued to grow. In Spain, survivors are coming to terms with the worst floods in the country’s modern history and the Spanish government has announced billions of euros for reconstruction.

‘Economy killer’

The summit opened on Monday with a technical deal seen as critical to launching a U.N.-backed global carbon market that would fund billions of dollars of projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

That success was marred by a row over the summit priorities – a procedural tug-of-war that pitched European and small island countries against the Arab group of nations on how prominent the future of fossil fuels should be on the agenda.

The opening procedures were delayed by at least five hours, ending in an eventual compromise reluctantly accepted by the EU and other aligned nations.

At a press conference on Tuesday, COP29 officials sought to refocus attention on the summit’s primary goal – agreeing a deal for up to $1 trillion in annual climate finance for developing countries.

“Enabling every country to take strong climate action is 100% in all countries’ interests, even the largest and wealthiest. Why? Because the climate crisis is fast becoming an economy killer,” said Simon Stiell, head of the UNFCCC climate body that facilitates the summit.